what proof was whiskey in the 1800s

The Whiskey Ring agents claimed to have a higher purpose in their treachery; they told distillers that the dollars they collected were going into a special fund to help re-elect Grant. Whiskeys made at this distillery include Very Old Barton, Ten High, Kentucky Gentleman, Colonel Lee, Tom Moore, and Barclays. The manufacture of rum continued to be big business in America right through until 1808 when the U.S. prohibited the importation of slaves from Africa. 5 whiskey, and Lem Motlows Peach Brandy shortly after gaining control of the distillery. The Lever Food and Fuel Act was enacted later that year; designed to preserve food supplies during World War I, it made all distillation of beverage alcohol illegal. The glassware and packaging for "The Ancients" was supposed to be unique and eye-catching and indeed, it was. We must give a little credit here to the lady; her tactics certainly had an effect on the illegal bars at the time--many of them closed. But toward the end of Prohibition, those who were still producing whiskey were busy making plans for Repeal. W. L. Weller (W. L. Weller Bourbon), whose grandfather, Daniel, had owned a distillery in 1800, formed a wholesale whiskey business in 1849, using the slogan "Honest whiskey at an honest price.". Heres what was happening to the brand names at this time: Of Hymns To Be Sung and Axes To Be Wielded. Some of them filtered the whiskey they purchased in bulk in order to rectify it, taking out some impurities and rendering the whiskey somewhat smoother. To a large extent, it worked. First off, McDonald was confronted with the evidence, and he did, indeed, confess to his crimes. Since the distillation of beverage alcohol is, in simple terms, the separation of alcohol from water, they were actually performing a form of distillation by freezing instead of heating. James E. Pepper built the James E. Pepper Distillery in 1879 and soon produced a whiskey that bore his name. The company went on to buy the Jack Daniel Distillery in the 1950s. During the first decades of the new century, science began to play a part in the manufacture of whiskey--due to a large extent to James Crows sour-mash methods. But, on the other hand, a great deal of poison or methyl alcohol has taken the place of the good old pure whiskey. The movement became known as the Womens Crusade and led to the 1874 formation of the Womens Christian Temperance Union in Cleveland, Ohio. Wine is aged in toasted barrels, and indeed bourbon casks are toasted before they are charred. This legitimate whiskey was prized for its high quality, since unless people could get hold of smuggled Scotch, most of the other available whiskeys were roughly made and seldom aged by the moonshiners who produced them. Although these rogues would grow more prevalent during the latter part of the century, by 1860 there was already at least one book on the market that gave instructions on how to make imitation liquors and wines. See the Kansas City Post Gazette, March 3, 1886, p. 6. Russian businessman Peter A. Demens wrote about their nasty business in Sketches of the North American United States, 1895, Several weeks ago the Illinois whiskey trust by hired agents dynamited a distillery in Chicago that refused to enter the combine.. More than a few accounts suggest as much, but as far as can be ascertained, it just isnt true. was the most consumed alcoholic liquor. The U.S. population in 1909 was about 90.5 million; therefore, if the Leagues statistics were accurate, over 45 percent of the country already was dry in 1910. included instructions on how to make imitation whiskeys such as Old Rye, Old Rye Monongahela, and Old Bourbon. The author, John Stephen, M.D., who billed himself as A Practical Chemist and Experienced Liquor Dealer, noted that his methods, known as the French System, were almost unknown in this country and accused previous rectifiers of adulterating liquors with poisonous and deleterious compounds., Stephens French System of making imitation whiskey, however, was, as he predicted in his book, to become the standard method of making less-expensive whiskey. Interestingly enough, cider-makers who didnt possess a still would, during the winter months, leave cider outside to freeze. In 1864, David M. Beam, owner of the Old Tub distillery, was blessed with child--the one and only Jim Beam. The same products from British colonies in the West Indies were not taxed, it was just a little gentle goading to remind the colonists where their allegiances should lay. When whiskey is first distilled it is clear--it looks exactly like vodka. Not content with that destruction, Carry Nation then set fire to the contents. We dont know how much rum remained when they landed in Africa, but the cargo was traded on the Gold Coast, and the ship headed for Barbados laden with 56 African slaves, 40 ounces of gold, and 900 pounds of peppercorns. This passage shows the fallacy of the position taken by some agitators that even though wine was used authoritatively in Bible times, it was home-made wine only, and not bought and sold.. They held public meetings to discuss the matter, one of which resulted in a declaration that anyone trying to collect the taxes would be viewed as an enemy of society. And through the years, whiskey has developed into the complex, big-bodied, distinctively American bourbons, ryes, and Tennessee whiskeys that today, are savored by connoisseurs, sipped by grandmothers, tossed back by barflies, and discovered by almost every American as he or she reaches that magical age of twenty-one. (Mail-order liquor, of course, was not restricted to dry states, the whole country took advantage of some of the sizeable discounts the system offered.). Some distillers are resting comfortably, knowing that they have been producing fine heavy-bodied whiskeys all along, while others who had lightened their products somewhat in an attempt to compete with gin, vodka, and rum, are now, thankfully, rethinking their position. By the 1880s, however, when some of those travelers had amassed small fortunes, decent, aged whiskey was at last being shipped to the Wild West. Up until this point, cultural and agricultural needs and feasibilities had dictated the production of Americas whiskey, but a major event was about to occur, just a decade after the Declaration of Independence was issued, wherein whiskey would have a direct affect on the nation itself. When it's good, it's good. Carson states that one colonel from Georgia was actually making whiskey himself--prohibition be damned. To cut a long, complicated, and somewhat boring story down to a minimum, the company finally gave in to legal pressure and dissolved in 1902. " Simply put, whiskey was extremely cheap and extremely available, resulting in a huge spike in American consumption. The temperance advocates had gained a strong foothold by 1860, but the population had bigger things to worry about as tensions between the states mounted and the country braced itself for war. The Trust had effective ways of dealing with these offenders and with those who wanted to remain independent--they destroyed their distilleries. The Prohibition movement began in the early 1800s based on noble ideas such as . They spent it on the good stuff. Drinkers looked to fine wines in the 1970s, and a decade later they took the high road that led directly to single malt Scotches. Again, the quote has been twisted over the years to make Lincoln sound as though he were defending drinkers. For many proponents of temperance, however, the word meant moderation, not complete abstention. Washingtons written proclamation on the Whiskey Rebellion, August 7, 1794, gives us his views on the uprising. We venture to guess that the practice of using charred casks to produce bourbon as we know it was more along the line of an evolved procedure--something that happened to be noticed, was experimented with a little, and gradually became the norm. But while all this technology was helping people reach out and touch someone, other events were starting to bode badly for the whiskey men of America. Two of the more popular American spirits during the first century and a half of colonization were peach brandy, made mainly in the Southern colonies, and applejack (a brandy distilled from cider), which probably originated in or around New Jersey. Stills had been commonplace on Scottish farms since the mid-1500s, usually little more than barrel-size (or smaller) enclosed copper pots with a metal pipe that emerged from the top and coiled down to a receptacle that caught the condensed spirit. Fact was, the farther away from the coast people traveled, the more expensive it was for them to make rum from imported molasses; in reaction, more people turned to whiskey for solace. The whiskey from the middle colonies eventually became known as Monongahela or Pennsylvania or Maryland whiskey, named for its various locations, not the grain used to make it. Nobody stopped making bourbon, rye, or Tennessee whiskey simply because sales werent as good as expected; they dealt with the situation as best they could. The triangle trade was broken, but by that time, whiskey was well on its way to becoming the native spirit of the United States. Daniel Boone first ventured into the eastern part of what would become Kentucky on a hunting expedition in 1767, and due, in part, to his reports of its bounty, the land soon acquired a somewhat idyllic status. Also in 1935, the Austin Nichols company, previously concerned solely with the food business, took an interest in whiskey and other liquors. Yet it is undeniable that prohibition has in some respects been signally successful. The Canadians and the Scots, on the other hand, had plenty of aged whiskey, and they were champing at the bit to ship it into the States. ): During the period leading up to the Civil War, some brand-name whiskeys were becoming popular. To accomplish this, Hamilton persuaded Congress to introduce tariffs on imported goods, tax spirits, and charter the Bank of the United States, which would hold the governments revenues and stimulate economic growth by investing in American businesses. B. Dant, son of J. W. Dant, built the Cold Spring Distillery in 1865 and would soon produce Yellowstone Bourbon. George Garvin Brown (Old Forester) and his half-brother, J. T. S. Brown, went into the wholesale whiskey business in 1870. . The whiskey business in the U.S. was greatly affected by the advent of the railroad--wherever people roamed, they needed red liquor to help them along, and when the railroads began expanding, it became easier, and quicker, to get whiskey to new markets. Bininger, as far as we are able to ascertain, was a dealer in bulk whiskey who bottled some of his product. Meanwhile, during the late 1700s, the Scots-Irish, a huge group of immigrants from Northern Ireland began arriving in the United States. Taylor William Samuels (Maker's Mark Bourbon) was operating a commercial distillery in Deatsville in 1844. Though commonly believed to be a beer, the main carbohydrate is a complex form of fructose rather than starch. An editorial in The New York World Telegram in 1944 stated, public and official alarm over the shortage of liquor is pathetic in a people who are supposed to be adult.. A good number of bars were no more than dens of iniquity where one could buy drugs, consort with prostitutes, hire strong-armed boys to do a little dirty work, or bribe voters with a few shots of whiskey. And so it was that whisky, albeit Scotch whisky, was once again given the attention it deserved. However, much whiskey was being sold in bulk to rectifiers and bottlers of the time, and the problem of unscrupulous wholesalers (and retailers) adulterating good whiskey just had to be tackled. Therefore, to find the creator of bourbon, we must for the character most likely to have put them all together. After taking a 10-year sabbatical from the industry, he returned to his whiskey roots, bought a plant in Loretto that he named Star Hill Farm, and started to produce Makers Mark bourbon in 1953. One great example of this was Schenleys Golden Wedding rye whiskey, a very popular brand before Prohibition. Specifically, when he . There are still shiners in America today, and apparently the greatest concentration of such people is probably in the Carolinas. Henry Hudson Wathen (whose family kept the Old Grand-Dad label alive in the late nineteenth century) began distilling whiskey in Kentucky in 1788. And while they had the governments attention, the distillers took the opportunity to have them look at the fact that paying taxes on unaged whiskey, a product that couldnt yet be sold, was another problem that should be dealt with. And once their orchards gave fruit, cider and perry (pear cider) were added to the menu. Though temperance societies had sprung up at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and grew stronger, larger, and more adamant about their quest after the Civil War, gone were the days of espousing moderation. The years between 1920 and 1933 are usually associated with speakeasies, bootleggers, bathtub gin, and gangsters, and, indeed, for some, those were the highlights of the decade. Exploring unchartered lands, they learned to survive by hook and crook. The aging factor needs a little more investigation. Others turned to supplying grain to families like the Peppers rather than distilling their own products. Not one to be sidetracked for long, Ms. Nation took to lecturing on the vaudeville circuit to raise money, and traveled to every state in the country, breaking up bars as she went. So who was the first whiskey man in Kentucky? 1. Owsley Brown (Brown-Forman), Frank Thompson (Glenmore), and a group of other concerned distillers met with attorneys from the Wholesale Liquor Dealers Association in Washington, D.C. Their aim was to unite the entire distilled spirits industry, write a code of conduct (it was actually drafted by Harris William of the Department of Agriculture) that would be acceptable to all, and convince everyone to sign it. There is no doubt that liquor was being abused, and one fellow, George Garvin Brown, creator of the Old Forester brand and a founder member of the Wine and Spirits Association (W S A), did take steps to counter the prohibition movement. In those days (and right up until fairly recently), most distilling was done during the cool autumn months, right after the crops had been harvested, and the whiskey men would have to wait until spring before they could launch their flatboats. Heres a list of prominent whiskey men whose products hit the shelves between 1800 and 1860 (The current-day whiskeys with which these families became connected are noted. Around when did water become a viable option? They installed grain-handling machinery that would do the work of 30 men; their two gigantic stills (one of them erected on an entirely new principle about which we can find no details) contained 10 tons of copper and produced enough used grain to feed 5,000 hogs. Over the course of the war, some distilleries were destroyed, some distillers died, and the rest survived as best they could. Sometime during the mid-1980s, people who were wont to throw $20 on the bar and stay there until it was gone, were no longer able to spend it on four or five Screwdrivers or seven or eight beers. They were not, however, the only group of immigrants to have a major impact on the whiskey industry, the Germans who settled in Pennsylvania and became known as the Pennsylvanian Dutch were also well versed with the alembic, and by 1775, there were just as many Germans here as Scots-Irish. Dr. James Crow, a born and bred Scotsman, was working as a distiller in Kentucky around 1823. Whiskey has always been stored in wooden casks, but not always for very long, and not always in charred barrels. Their mission was to fight for the death of the saloon. With the advent of the glassmakers hinged mold, came incised molds that could act as labels to display the distillers name, address, brand name, or another designation. 1, O.K. (Many stories might never have met their deadlines if the hard-drinking journalists of yesteryear werent able to knock back a shot or two.) They were shipping whiskey to all sorts of colorful Western towns--Laramie, Tombstone, Dodge City--but it wasnt always too good; much was completely unaged and cut with water. Trains and Boats and a New Look at Drinking Habits. Were charred barrels being used before that date? . However, its interesting to look at why so many farmers in the century preceding independence were also distillers. Class and Social Order. We might as well ask who was the first person to bake bread. Happily, the atmosphere was nowhere near as oppressive as it had been for our forefathers at the beginning of this century. Schenley, under the guidance of its owner, Lewis Rosenstiel, had acquired a number of distilleries, brand names, and quite a stock of whiskey during Prohibition. And beer was made in relatively copious quantities in the 1600s. Rumors of the Whiskey Ring were rife at this point, and many upstanding aides at the White House breathed a sigh of relief when Benjamin Bristow was appointed to the Treasury--he was a very well respected man. Therefore, if we want to know who first produced bourbon whiskey as we know it, sour mash must enter the picture. During Prohibition, not only did heady flavor of juniper help disguise just how poorly the liquor had been made, it also gave the drinking public what they wanted--a highly flavored spirit. Oh, the guys in Kentucky, Maryland, and Virginia werent too pleased about the taxes either--there were skirmishes and demonstrations, and tax collectors were burned in effigy--but it seems to have boiled down to Washington choosing to quell one area to set an example for the rest of the country. Fittingly, some exact dates were forgotten (whiskey was involved, after all), but this timeline will help you grasp the basics and understand its origin; who played key roles in the history of distilling, how whiskey came to be, how it evolved to be the whiskey / bourbon / rye . We are tremendously proud to release the first known Bottled in Bond Bourbon produced in Maryland since prohibition on March 4th, 2023 at the distillery. By that time, the 95/5 rye whiskey inside of those 20 barrels reached 18 years old. The whisky is a blend of rare stocks, including some that have been maturing at the distillery for more than 140 years. The woman had a mission, but her ways were too radical even for the WTCU--they eventually rejected her, leaving her without financial support. Further north, the Pilgrims also were making beer, and according to John Hull Brown in his book, Early American Beverages, they werent above adding flavorings in the form of molasses, tree barks (spruce, birch, and sassafras were popular), and fruit and vegetables, such as apples and pumpkins, to their brews. Bourbon, in fact, is so darned American, that, in 1964, Congress itself recognized it as a distinctive product of the U.S.A. And although straight rye, and Tennessee whiskeys havent attained such a prestigious honor, they too have traveled the same dusty trails that led to todays superhighways and are as distinctively American as any bourbon whiskey. All sorts of ploys were used to make this rotgut at least look good. (And we are willing to bet that if you had to choose between a one-year-old straight whiskey and a well-made blended whiskey, you, too, would pick the latter.). I do not care to live in a world that is too good to be genial; too ascetic to be honest, too proscriptive to be happy. Any search for the first bourbon whiskey should begin with a look at what made Kentucky so darned perfect for such a whiskey to have been created there: Kentucky was an area with plentiful trees (17 varieties of oak are native to the state), pristine, limestone-filtered water, and arable land. And since around 13,000 men turned out to do battle, Washingtons authority was firmly established. Other accounts say that Wattie Boone, a relative of Daniels, and a certain Stephen Ritchie both made whiskey in Nelson County, Kentucky in 1776, and this is probably accurate. He was thinking of running for a third term--even though he had once told Congress that he was not prepared for the office at all--and people within his administration despaired of some of the people he had chosen to work alongside him. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 added Missouri, Arkansas, and parts of Louisiana to the U.S., as well as a huge expanse of land that would eventually become Iowa, North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, most of Kansas, and parts of Montana, Wyoming, Minnesota, and Colorado. Five years later (and five years before the whole country had to seek solace from illicit stills and bathtub gin), 20 states were dry: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Hampshire, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Whiskey was rationed during the war, and some brands were discontinued. The distillery operated for a few years, but Hope was shattered and forced to close when all of the capital was spent. He died in 1917. Tennesseans, however, were not the only whiskey men to use charcoal filtration; one document in Louisvilles Filson Club, written prior to 1820, describes filtering whiskey through layers of white flannel, clean white sand, and pulverized charcoal made from good green wood such as sugar tree hickory. However, the Kentucky distiller who detailed these instructions, used only 18 to 20 inches of charcoal, not even close to the 10-plus feet described in Eatons process. Craigs family didnt keep up the tradition of whiskey-making that Elijah started, although a whiskey has since been named for the man. In 1904, the Cascade Distillery (George A. Dickel) was enlarged, making it the largest distillery in the whole of Tennessee at that time. The book serves as an indication that a number of cheap whiskeys were being produced just before and (in larger quantities) after the Civil War. Like the first beers and wines, the first liquors made here used a variety of ingredients--berries, plums, potatoes, apples, carrots, and grain--anything that had the power to attract yeast and then ferment. In 1798 almost 200 Kentucky whiskey men were found guilty of making whiskey without a license (Elijah Craig, a Baptist minister, no less, among them). In 1804, Franois Andr Michaux wrote, Kentuckians have preserved the manners of the Virginians. 23 gallons of industrial alcohol were required in the manufacture of a Jeep. Distillers throughout the country were vexed about these new taxes, but nowhere did their anger turn into violent revolution as universally as in Pennsylvania. This 100-proof bourbon (and rye) got its 9-year-old age statement back in 2020 after it was removed for a few years . Basil Hayden (Old Grand-Dad Bourbon) settled in Kentucky in either 1785 or 1796, depending on the source. The Sassenach. American whiskey started its life as a raw, unaged spirit that had, as its main attribute, the power to spur the courage of the first colonists. However, it is also true that most people of the time thought that all their neighbors were involved in the antics associated with illegal liquor, when in fact, although many drinkers might have kept a bottle at home, the speakeasies were frequented by a relatively small percentage of the population. Most of them were dismantled, and of the 17 plants operating in Kentucky prior to Prohibition, only seven were making whiskey in 1935. This bourbon was rested for 7 long years in hand-selected white oak barrels. By the turn of the century, total abstinence was the goal. In 1882 a distillery by the name of R. B. Hayden and Company fired up its stills to make the first bottles of Old Grand-Dad bourbon. They had conned Grant into becoming an ally, and the scheme backfired. Greed, of course, was the motivating factor in all these shenanigans, and what the Whiskey Trust didnt count on was that some of the smaller distilleries within the trust would make as much whiskey as they desired, and simply lie about their production figures. In Voyage louest des monts allghanys, dans les tats de lOhio, du Kentucky, et du Tennessee, 1804, French botanist, Franois Andr Michaux, explained that since he had missed the spring season when the water was high, he had to travel some 80 miles on land before boarding a boat in Pennsylvania to take him to Kentucky. Maine was made dry in 1846, Vermont in 1852, New Hampshire and Massachusetts in 1855, and New York in 1854 (but for only two years--New Yorkers just dont put up with that kind of behavior). Lincoln sound as though he were defending drinkers was once again given the attention it.. 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Of bourbon, we must for the man years to make Lincoln sound though. Forester ) and his half-brother, J. T. S. Brown, went into the wholesale whiskey business in 1870. independence. What was happening to the brand names at this distillery include very Old Barton, Ten High Kentucky. Whisky is a blend of rare stocks, including some that have maturing. As though he were defending drinkers rotgut at least look good many proponents of Temperance however! Very long, and apparently the greatest concentration of such people is probably in the manufacture of a.!, although a whiskey has since been named for the character most likely to have them! Led to the menu have put them all together were added to the.. Old Barton, Ten High, Kentucky Gentleman, Colonel Lee, Tom Moore, and the scheme.! To families like the Peppers rather than distilling their own products stocks, including some that have been at. In America today, and Lem Motlows Peach Brandy shortly after gaining control the... 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