list of soldiers killed at little bighorn

Among the dead were Custer's brothers Boston and Thomas, his brother-in-law James Calhoun, and his nephew Henry Reed. It causes substantial fouling within the firearm. Donovan, 2008, p. 440: footnote, "the carbine extractor problem did exist, though it probably had little impact on the outcome of the battle. Lawson speculates that though less powerful than the Springfield carbines, the Henry repeaters provided a barrage of fire at a critical point, driving Lieutenant James Calhoun's L Company from Calhoun Hill and Finley Ridge, forcing it to flee in disarray back to Captain Myles Keogh's I Company and leading to the disintegration of that wing of Custer's Battalion. Word of Custer's fate reached the 44th United States Congress as a conference committee was attempting to reconcile opposing appropriations bills approved by the House and the Republican Senate. Many orders might have been given, but few obeyed. Moving east, from Fort Ellis (near Bozeman, Montana), was a column led by Col. John Gibbon. The Indian Wars are portrayed by Gallear as a minor theatre of conflict whose contingencies were unlikely to govern the selection of standard weaponry for an emerging industrialized nation. He described the death of a Sioux sharpshooter killed after being seen too often by the enemy. In the end, the hilltop to which Custer had moved was probably too small to accommodate all of the survivors and wounded. [159][160][161], Historians have acknowledged the firepower inherent in the Gatling gun: they were capable of firing 350 .45-70 (11mm) caliber rounds per minute. "[106]:194, The scattered Sioux and Cheyenne feasted and celebrated during July with no threat from soldiers. Also, Custer retained the conviction that the Seventh could handle any force of Indians it might encounter, and he may have reasoned that taking the Second Cavalry would leave [Colonel John] Gibbon's column susceptible to attack and defeat". WebMajor Marcus Reno - Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument (U.S. National Park Service) National Monument Montana Major Marcus Reno Major Marcus Reno Marcus Reno was born on 15 November 1834, in Carrollton, Illinois. [64] The retreat was immediately disrupted by Cheyenne attacks at close quarters. After about 20 minutes of long-distance firing, Reno had taken only one casualty, but the odds against him had risen (Reno estimated five to one), and Custer had not reinforced him. On August 8, 1876, after Terry was further reinforced with the 5th Infantry, the expedition moved up Rosebud Creek in pursuit of the Lakota. Hearings on the name change were held in Billings on June 10, 1991, and during the following months Congress renamed the site the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. These assumptions were based on inaccurate information provided by the Indian Agents that no more than 800 "hostiles" were in the area. [64] The shaken Reno ordered his men to dismount and mount again. In Custer's book My Life on the Plains, published two years before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, he asserted: Indians contemplating a battle, either offensive or defensive, are always anxious to have their women and children removed from all danger For this reason I decided to locate our [military] camp as close as convenient to [Chief Black Kettle's Cheyenne] village, knowing that the close proximity of their women and children, and their necessary exposure in case of conflict, would operate as a powerful argument in favor of peace, when the question of peace or war came to be discussed.[52]. Former U.S. Army Crow Scouts visiting the Little Bighorn battlefield, circa 1913, Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer , commanding, Second Lieutenant Charles Varnum (wounded), Chief of Scouts, Estimates of Native American casualties have differed widely, from as few as 36 dead (from Native American listings of the dead by name) to as many as 300. WebHe escaped from the guard house at Fort A. Lincoln and is reputed to have killed Tom Custer in the massacre on the Little Big Horn. This conclusion is supported by evidence from archaeological studies performed at the battlefield, where the recovery of Springfield cartridge casing, bearing tell-tale scratch marks indicating manual extraction, were rare. "[90] In a letter from February 21, 1910, Private William Taylor, Company M, 7th Cavalry, wrote: "Reno proved incompetent and Benteen showed his indifferenceI will not use the uglier words that have often been in my mind. On June 22 Terry sent Custer and the 7th Cavalry in pursuit of Sitting Bulls trail, which led into the Little Bighorn Valley. All Army plans were based on the incorrect numbers. According to Cheyenne and Sioux testimony, the command structure rapidly broke down, although smaller "last stands" were apparently made by several groups. Writers of both pro- and anti-Custer material over the years have incorporated the theory into their works". Most of these missing men were left behind in the timber, although many eventually rejoined the detachment. Weir could see that the Indian camps comprised some 1,800 lodges. [92]:314 Fighting dismounted, the soldiers' skirmish lines were overwhelmed. DeRudio testified that 'the men had to take their knives to extract cartridges after firing 6 to 10 rounds.' It was not until over half a century later that historians took another look at the battle and Custer's decisions that led to his death and loss of half his command and found much to criticize. [71] As the scenario seemed compatible with Custer's aggressive style of warfare and with evidence found on the ground, it became the basis of many popular accounts of the battle. Ewers, John C.: "Intertribal Warfare as a Precursor of Indian-White Warfare on the Northern Great Plains". Reno credited Benteen's luck with repulsing a severe attack on the portion of the perimeter held by Companies H and M.[note 5] On June 27, the column under General Terry approached from the north, and the natives drew off in the opposite direction. ", Gallear, 2001: "by the time of the Little Bighorn the U.S. Army was standardizing on the Springfield rifle and carbine [and] saw breech-loading rifles and carbines as the way forward. Andrist, Ralph K., "The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indian". R.E. I arrived at the conclusion then, as I have now, that it was a rout, a panic, until the last man was killed That there was no line formed on the battlefield. They were reportedly stunned by the news. While such stories were gathered by Thomas Bailey Marquis in a book in the 1930s, it was not published until 1976 because of the unpopularity of such assertions. Fire from the southeast made it impossible for Custer's men to secure a defensive position all around Last Stand Hill where the soldiers put up their most dogged defense. Criticism of Custer was not universal. [citation needed] The destruction of Keogh's battalion may have begun with the collapse of L, I and C Company (half of it) following the combined assaults led by Crazy Horse, White Bull, Hump, Chief Gall and others. He conjectured that a soldier had escaped Custer's fight and rafted across the river, abandoning his played-out horse. [note 11] Several other badly wounded horses were found and killed at the scene. After their celebrations, many of the Natives returned to the reservation. Hoxie, Frederick E.: Parading Through History. ", Gallear, 2001: "Officers purchased their own carbines or rifles for hunting purposes[however] these guns may have been left with the baggage and is unclear how many officers actually used these weapons in the battle. How many people died in the Battle of the Little Bighorn? From a distance, Weir witnessed many Indians on horseback and on foot shooting at items on the ground-perhaps killing wounded soldiers and firing at dead bodies on the "Last Stand Hill" at the northern end of the Custer battlefield. The guns were drawn by four condemned horses [and] obstacles in the terrain [would] require their unhitching and assistance of soldier to continueTerry's own battery [of Gatling guns]the one he had offered to Custer[would have] a difficult time keeping up with the march of Colonel John Gibbon's infantry. "[128] There is evidence that Custer suspected that he would be outnumbered by the Indians, although he did not know by how much. When the army examined the Custer battle site, soldiers could not determine fully what had transpired. ", Gallear, 2001: "The bow's effective range was about 30 yards and was unlikely to kill a man instantly or even knock him off his horse. ", Gallear, 2001: "No bayonet or hand to hand weapon was issued apart from the saber, which under Custer's orders was left behind. [29], While the Terry-Gibbon column was marching toward the mouth of the Little Bighorn, on the evening of June 24, Custer's Indian scouts arrived at an overlook known as the Crow's Nest, 14 miles (23km) east of the Little Bighorn River. However, there is evidence that Reno's men did make use of long-range hunting rifles. According to some accounts, a small contingent of Indian sharpshooters effectively opposed this crossing. [177], Of the guns owned by Lakota and Cheyenne fighters at the Little Bighorn, approximately 200 were repeating rifles,[178] corresponding to about 1 of 10 of the encampment's two thousand able-bodied fighters who participated in the battle. Five companies (C, E, F, I, and L) remained under Custer's immediate command. Some historians believe Custer divided his detachment into two (and possibly three) battalions, retaining personal command of one while presumably delegating Captain George W. Yates to command the second. One possibility is that after ordering Reno to charge, Custer continued down Reno Creek to within about a half-mile (800m) of the Little Bighorn, but then turned north and climbed up the bluffs, reaching the same spot to which Reno would soon retreat. Thus, wrote Curtis, "Custer made no attack, the whole movement being a retreat". [171] Less common were surplus rifled muskets of American Civil War vintage such as the Pattern 1853 Enfield and Springfield Model 1861. [56], The Lone Teepee (or Tipi) was a landmark along the 7th Cavalry's march. [189], Historians have asked whether the repeating rifles conferred a distinct advantage on Sitting Bull's villagers that contributed to their victory over Custer's carbine-armed soldiers. Atop the bluffs, known today as Reno Hill, Reno's depleted and shaken troops were joined about a half-hour later by Captain Benteen's column[65] (Companies D, H and K), arriving from the south. Trooper Billy Jackson reported that by then, the Indians had begun massing in the open area shielded by a small hill to the left of Reno's line and to the right of the Indian village. Gallear, 2001: "In 1872 the Army tested a number of foreign and domestic single-shot breechloaders". Custer refused the assistance, and Terry abided by that. The 12th, Company B under Captain Thomas McDougall, had been assigned to escort the slower pack train carrying provisions and additional ammunition. [191], After exhaustive testingincluding comparisons to domestic and foreign single-shot and repeating riflesthe Army Ordnance Board (whose members included officers Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry) authorized the Springfield as the official firearm for the United States Army. He was driven back, retreating toward the hill where his body was found. Five of the 7th Cavalry's twelve companies were wiped out and Custer was killed, as were two of his brothers, a nephew, and a brother-in-law. The only approach to a line was where 5 or 6 [dead] horses found at equal distances, like skirmishers [part of Lt. Calhoun's Company L]. Wood, Raymond W. and Thomas D. Thiessen (1987): White, Richard: The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries. On Custer's decision to advance up the bluffs and descend on the village from the east, Lt. Edward Godfrey of Company K surmised: [Custer] expected to find the squaws and children fleeing to the bluffs on the north, for in no other way do I account for his wide detour. Custer was on the verge of abolishing the wings led by Reno and Benteen, and the inclusion of Brisbin would have complicated the arrangement he had in mind. Finally, Curtis visited the country of the Arikara and interviewed the scouts of that tribe who had been with Custer's command. It met with Crook's command, similarly reinforced, and the combined force, almost 4,000 strong, followed the Lakota trail northeast toward the Little Missouri River. [232], Photo taken in 1894 by H.R. Indian Scouts and Auxiliaries with the United States Army, 186090. WebGeorge Lell Corporal H, wounded then died June 26 William H. Lerock Private F John Lewis Private C Herod T. Liddiard Private E Werner L. Liemann Private F Little Brave Indian Scout Edward W. Lloyd Private I Louis Lobering Private L George E. Lord (with Custer) According to this theory, by the time Custer realized he was badly outnumbered, it was too late to retreat to the south where Reno and Benteen could have provided assistance. That was the condition all over the field and in the [gorge]. That they might have come southwest, from the center of Nye-Cartwright Ridge, seems to be supported by Northern Cheyenne accounts of seeing the approach of the distinctly white-colored horses of Company E, known as the Grey Horse Company. Public response to the Great Sioux War varied in the immediate aftermath of the battle. In a subsequent official 1879 Army investigation requested by Major Reno, the Reno Board of Inquiry (RCOI), Benteen and Reno's men testified that they heard distinct rifle volleys as late as 4:30pm during the battle. ", Gallear, 2001: "These guns were crudely made for Indian trade and were given out as a sweetener for treaties. Map of Battle of Little Bighorn, Part III. Benteen and Lieut. Finally, Custer may have assumed when he encountered the Native Americans that his subordinate Benteen, who was with the pack train, would provide support. United States memorialization of the battlefield began in 1879 with a temporary monument to the U.S. dead. Unaware of Crook's battle, Gibbon and Terry proceeded, joining forces in early June near the mouth of Rosebud Creek. [45], Custer had initially wanted to take a day to scout the village before attacking; however, when men who went back looking for supplies accidentally dropped by the pack train, they discovered that their track had already been discovered by Indians. Had the U.S. troops come straight down Medicine Tail Coulee, their approach to the Minneconjou Crossing and the northern area of the village would have been masked by the high ridges running on the northwest side of the Little Bighorn River. Although other cavalry mounts survived, they had been taken by the Indians. Reno entered West Point on 1 September 1851. The rifle was a .45/55-caliber Springfield carbine and the pistol was a .45-caliber Colt revolver both weapons were models [introduced in] 1873 [though] they did not represent the latest in firearm technology. Charles Windolph, Frazier Hunt, Robert Hunt, Neil Mangum. Vegetation varies widely from one area to the next. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was fought between U.S. federal troops, led by George Armstrong Custer, and Lakota and Northern Cheyenne warriors, led by Sitting Bull. White, Richard: "The Winning of the West: The Expansion of the Western Sioux in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". [citation needed]. They immediately realized that the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne were present "in force and not running away.". [178][188] Virtually every trooper in the 7th Cavalry fought with the single-shot, breech-loading Springfield carbine and the Colt revolver. [147][148][149][150] Custer, valuing the mobility of the 7th Cavalry and recognizing Terry's acknowledgment of the regiment as "the primary strike force" preferred to remain unencumbered by the Gatling guns. Find out why George Custer failed at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, 25 Decade-Defining Events in U.S. History, https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Little-Bighorn, Legends of America - The Battle of Little Bighorn, Montana, National Park Service - Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument - Context and Story of the Battle, Battle of the Little Bighorn - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, Montana, Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument. He ordered his troopers to dismount and deploy in a skirmish line, according to standard army doctrine. Custer chose to attack immediately. Taken November 2011. [67] The great majority of the Indian casualties were probably suffered during this closing segment of the battle, as the soldiers and Indians on Calhoun Ridge were more widely separated and traded fire at greater distances for most of their portion of the battle than did the soldiers and Indians on Custer Hill. Gregory J. W. Urwin is a professor of history at Temple University and current president of the Society for Military History. A steep bank, some 8 feet (2.4m) high, awaited the mounted men as they crossed the river; some horses fell back onto others below them. Comanche eventually was returned to the fort and became the regimental mascot. [123][124] The Agreement of 1877 (19Stat. The trees also obscured Reno's view of the Native American village until his force had passed that bend on his right front and was suddenly within arrow-shot of the village. Custer had been offered the use of Gatling guns but declined, believing they would slow his rate of march. "[28] At the same time US military officials were conducting a summer campaign to force the Lakota and the Cheyenne back to their reservations, using infantry and cavalry in a so-called "three-pronged approach". On May 17 Brig. 40, 113114. Gallear, 2001: "The Indians were well equipped with hand-to-hand weapons and these included lances, tomahawks, war clubs, knives and war shields were carried for defense. "[133] Facing major budget cutbacks, the U.S. Army wanted to avoid bad press and found ways to exculpate Custer. In 1805, fur trader Franois Antoine Larocque reported joining a Crow camp in the Yellowstone area. Some Lakota oral histories assert that Custer, having sustained a wound, committed suicide to avoid capture and subsequent torture. Where was the Battle of the Little Bighorn fought? Thompson, p. 211. The commissioned work by native artist Colleen Cutschall is shown in the photograph at right. [186], The opposing forces, though not equally matched in the number and type of arms, were comparably outfitted, and neither side held an overwhelming advantage in weaponry. Gen. Philip Sheridan, three army columns converged on Lakota country in an attempt to corral the rebellious bands. [210], Soldiers under Custer's direct command were annihilated on the first day of the battle, except for three Crow scouts and several troopers (including John Martin (Giovanni Martino)) who had left that column before the battle; one Crow scout, Curly, was the only survivor to leave after the battle had begun. That tactic proved to be disastrous. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Custer's force of roughly 210 men had been engaged by the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne about 3.5 miles (5.6km) to the north of Reno and Benteen's defensive position. The Lakota asserted that Crazy Horse personally led one of the large groups of warriors who overwhelmed the cavalrymen in a surprise charge from the northeast, causing a breakdown in the command structure and panic among the troops. Reports from his scouts also revealed fresh pony tracks from ridges overlooking his formation. Pvt McCarthy enlisted into the US Army on August 15, 1865, at Philadelphia, PA. The outcome of the battle, though it proved to be the height of Indian power, so stunned and enraged white Americans that government troops flooded the area, forcing the Indians to surrender. Within days, Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson, Nebraska. No definitive conclusion can be drawn about the possible malfunction as being a significant cause of Custer's defeat. It became apparent that the warriors in the village were either aware or would soon be aware of his approach. The precise details of Custer's fight and his movements before and during the battle are largely conjectural since none of the men who went forward with Custer's battalion (the five companies under his immediate command) survived the battle. Miles wrote in 1877, "The more I study the moves here [on the Little Big Horn], the more I have admiration for Custer. It was the beginning of the end of the "Indian Wars" and has even been referred to as "the Indians' last stand"[104] in the area. As the Battle of the Little Bighorn unfolded, Custer and the 7th Cavalry fell victim to a series of surprises, not the least of which was the number of warriors that they encountered. Later, the troops would have bunched together in defensive positions and are alleged to have shot their remaining horses as cover. All told, between one-third and one-half of the gathering warriors had a gun. [215] W. A. Graham claimed that even Libby Custer received dozens of letters from men, in shocking detail, about their sole survivor experience. The fight continued until dark (approximately 9:00pm) and for much of the next day, with the outcome in doubt. [note 10], Over 120 men and women would come forward over the course of the next 70 years claiming they were "the lone survivor" of Custer's Last Stand. Thus, Custer unknowingly faced thousands of Indians, including the 800 non-reservation "hostiles". Custer's scouts also spotted the regimental cooking fires that could be seen from 10mi (16km) away, disclosing the regiment's position. WebUnder skies darkened by smoke, gunfire and flying arrows, 210 men of the U.S. Armys 7th Cavalry Unit led by Lt. Graham, Benteen letter to Capt. [224][225][226], A modern historian, Albert Winkler, has asserted that there is some evidence to support the case of Private Gustave Korn being a genuine survivor of the battle: "While nearly all of the accounts of men who claimed to be survivors from Custer's column at the Battle of the Little Bighorn are fictitious, Gustave Korn's story is supported by contemporary records." Could this indicate a malfunctioning [carbine] that was discarded and therefore could not have left its marked [pry scratched] casings on the field? Frederick W. Benteen to the south to cut off the flight of any Indians in that direction, and took five companies under his personal command to attack the village from the north. Reconstructions of their actions have been formulated using both the accounts of Native American eyewitnesses and sophisticated analysis of archaeological evidence (cartridge cases, bullets, arrowheads, gun fragments, buttons, human bones, etc. [67] By the time troops came to recover the bodies, the Lakota and Cheyenne had already removed most of their own dead from the field. [116], Indians leaving the Battlefield Plate XLVIII, Six unnamed Native American women and four unnamed children are known to have been killed at the beginning of the battle during Reno's charge. "[110], Marker indicating where General Custer fell among soldiers denoted with black-face, in center of photo, The Lakota had formed a "Strongheart Society" of caretakers and providers for the camp, consisting of men who had demonstrated compassion, generosity and bravery. By almost all accounts, the Lakota annihilated Custer's force within an hour of engagement. [55] Yates' wing, descending to the Little Bighorn River at Ford D, encountered "light resistance",[48]:297 undetected by the Indian forces ascending the bluffs east of the village. Almost as soon as men came forward implying or directly pronouncing their unique role in the battle, there were others who were equally opposed to any such claims. The United States government acknowledged that Native American sacrifices also deserved recognition at the site. , Richard: `` these guns were crudely made for Indian trade and given! 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