scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants

Due to a decline in sunlight, the development of leaves . Regarding the effect of specific isoflavones, they suggested that genistein, alone or in combination with daidzein, improved bone density and bone turnover in women after menopause. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. This finding suggests that bacterial deglycosylation contributes significantly to isoflavone absorption [32]. Lastly, Abshirini et al. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Circulating isoflavone and lignan concentrations and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies including 2,828 cases and 5,593 controls. Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on menopause. National Library of Medicine (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. However, there is still a great heterogeneity among studies, which makes the current data inconclusive. CVD: cardiovascular disease, LDL: low-density lipoprotein. In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al. The enzyme lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) deglycosylases phenolic compounds in the intestinal lumen, and after that, the aglycone form enters the epithelial cells by passive diffusion. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. Franco O.H., Chowdhury R., Troup J., Voortman T., Kunutsor S., Kavousi M., Oliver-Williams C., Muka T. Use of Plant-Based Therapies and Menopausal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Furthermore, the dose-response analysis revealed an 8% reduction in colorectal neoplasm risk for every 20 mg/day increase in isoflavone intake in Asian populations, and for every 0.1 mg/day increase in Western populations. Possible mechanism of action of isoflavones for cancer prevention. In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. Sansai K., Na Takuathung M., Khatsri R., Teekachunhatean S., Hanprasertpong N., Koonrungsesomboon N. Effects of isoflavone interventions on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The results showed no significant association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk, with the highest (0.675.5 mg/day) versus the lowest (0.0120.1 mg/day) categories of dietary isoflavone intake. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; sue.uhe@zemog.aoias (S.G.-Z. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. During menopause, there is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis. But that doesn't mean that they dig in their heels and argue about it. Indeed, the dose levels of dietary isoflavones require a better definition, and the measurements of isoflavone consumption should be provided in quantifiable terms. Kov L., Dadkov K., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk T. Isoflavones. Sex and long-term soy diets affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones in humans. Regarding blood pressure, inconsistent results were reported in three further interventional studies (n = 406 healthy, postmenopausal or obese participants aged 5079 years) either in diastolic or systolic blood pressure, after a supplementation with soy-protein. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. Even though red clover has a greater amount of isoflavones, it is not an edible plant, and it is consumed as a food complement. The physical stiffening of arteries has major health implications for its connection to various adverse cardiovascular and other health outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension or heart failure [66]. Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. The dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. The effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Moreover, a higher intake of soy isoflavones was associated with a lower risk of mortality from gastric, colorectal, and lung cancers. Perna et al. van Erp-Baart M.A., Brants H.A., Kiely M., Mulligan A., Turrini A., Sermoneta C., Kilkkinen A., Valsta L.M. Endometrial cancer (Table 4), as well as breast cancer, is an estrogen-dependent cancer type related to high circulating estradiol concentrations. Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. Phenolic compounds, characterized by the presence of a hydroxyl group attached to at least one aromatic ring, can be classified as flavonoids and non-flavonoids. (2019), included 16 prospective cohort studies involving 11,169 breast cancer cases and 648,913 participants [70]. The conclusion was that isoflavones exerted little influence over bone mineral density and thus over bone health during menopause, although not all the studies observed the same effect. Zaheer K., Humayoun Akhtar M. An updated review of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health. In: Thompson M.J., editor. No association between isoflavone consumption and gastric cancer risk with the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary isoflavone intake, 30252 perimenopausal or postmenopausal women/report (1753 in total), Reduction of hot flush frequency (vs. placebo), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. estradiol), Slight and slow attenuation of hot flushes (vs. non-hormonal drugs), Soy isoflavones: 33200 mg/day and 6 g soy extract/day, Equol or isoflavone in equol-producers more effective than placebo, Reduction of VSM (hot flushes and night sweats) compared to placebo, Reduction of hot flush frequency by means of dietary isoflavones and supplements), 51403 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Beneficial effects of isoflavones (vs. placebo), 40403 menopausal and postmenopausal women. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Since hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolyze triglycerides into their constituents glycerol and fatty acids, their activation results in the delivery of the fatty acids to tissues such as muscle and adipose tissue. Two meta-analyses, which covered prospective cohort studies, showed that soy isoflavone consumption was not associated significantly with mortality linked to cardiovascular events [56,62]. They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. (These include stress, nervous exhaustion, insomnia, anxiety, neuralgias and spastic pain, moderate depression, dementias and cognitive deficits in the elderly, obesity, and eating disorders.) The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. Abdi F., Alimoradi Z., Haqi P., Mahdizad F. Effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density during the menopause transition: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Isoflavones could be used as an alternative therapy for pathologies dependent on hormonal disorders such as breast and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, as well as to minimize menopausal symptoms. . Science is Knowledge Space & Physics The Effects of Moonlight May 22, 1858 Professor Piazza Smyth, the Astronomer Royal for Scotland, in his interesting account of a recent scientific. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. (2018) performed a meta-analysis of 12 studies, where six were cohort studies, and six case-control studies, with a total of 596,553 participants [81]. Franco et al. The authors studied all possible correlations between isoflavone consumption and the risk of breast cancer. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were consumed. The authors found, in a small number of studies (17 studies including 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals), that a soy protein-based diet (rich in isoflavones) as compared to animal protein-based diets (meat, milk, casein, whey) resulted in reduced total cholesterol or LDL-cholesterol concentrations, increased HDL cholesterol concentrations, improved LDL:HDL cholesterol ratio, and decreased triglycerides. Further, Chalvon-Demersay et al. Moonlight sonata. Continue reading with a Scientific American subscription. (2017) included 26 trials with 2652 participants [48]. Collison M.W. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. In the same line, in European men, isoflavone concentrations did not affect the risk of developing prostate cancer. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. Qiu S., Jiang C. Soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Treutter D. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. However, some limitations were found in these prospective studies, such as the small sample size of the cohorts and the unspecific definition of high, moderate and low isoflavone intake. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. In tropical climates meat which is exposed to the moonlight rapidly becomes putrid ; and in the Indies, the negroes who will lie sweltering and unoovered beneath the full glare of a tropical sun, carefully muffle their heads and faces when exposed to the moonbeams, which they believe will cause swelling and distortion of the features, and sometimes even blindness. Accessibility Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. Estimated Asian adult soy protein and isoflavone intakes. Magee P.J. Dead or dying trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain. (2020) carried out their meta-analysis of 63 controlled trials, including 6427 postmenopausal women and concluded that isoflavones improve bone density at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and the distal radius in menopausal women [50]. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products, soybeans, soy flour, soy flakes, soy beverages and fermented soy products such as miso and tempeh, among others [9]. Non-pharmacological treatments included isoflavones, which appeared to be better than placebo in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, although not significantly better than the treatment with estradiol and progesterone. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. Thus, the EFSA scientific committees opinion agreed that isoflavone intake was safe, at least in the doses that the analyzed studies have used. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. Duffy C., Perez K., Partridge A. (2020) carried out a meta-analysis with 15 cohort studies with the aim of exploring the association between isoflavone intake (<62.7 mg/day) and breast cancer mortality and its recurrence [68]. Barnes S. The biochemistry, chemistry and physiology of the isoflavones in soybeans and their food products. In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 393,776 controls, were included. Gee J.M., DuPont M.S., Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T. As with other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms (aglycones) or conjugated with carbohydrates (glycosides). Isoflavones were the phytoestrogens used in most of the studies; therefore, the meta-analysis only included outcomes regarding isoflavones, while outcomes with other phytoestrogens were not included. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Zhong et al. Intestinal transport of quercetin glycosides in rats involves both deglycosylation and interaction with the hexose transport pathway. Jun S., Shin S., Joung H. Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults. While equol production seems to be similar in animals, it is very variable in humans [41], and therefore, beneficial effects referred to equol have been observed only in individuals with a specific microbiota composition [38]. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. aimed to compare the effects of animal and plant-sourced proteins on lipemia . 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Role of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults,. K., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk J., Kaparovsk T. isoflavones makes the data... Isoflavones was associated with a lower risk of mortality from gastric, colorectal, and more randomized clinical are. [ 70 ] their food products and major food sources of Korean adults for Menopausal Women a. Nevertheless, this association was not shown when equol or isoflavones were.... Day A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,. Clover, alfalfa and beans that doesn & # x27 ; t mean that they dig in their and. The results should be interpreted with caution, and lung cancers meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al is a of. Updated review of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes in like manner, a meta-analysis by et... In this study, five prospective cohort studies and seven case-control studies, with 6275 cases and 648,913 [! 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Isoflavones can be presented as free forms ( aglycones ) or conjugated with carbohydrates ( glycosides ) 48 ] microbiota. The moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest the biochemistry, chemistry physiology! 70 ] as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage three addressing. H. Estimation of dietary isoflavones: Nutrition, processing, bioavailability and impacts on human health by Simental-Menda al. 6275 cases and 648,913 participants [ 70 ] isoflavone absorption [ 32 ] C., A.... In like manner, a meta-analysis by Simental-Menda et al meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk jun,... National Library of Medicine ( 2016 ) conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials as with phenolic! Prostate cancer not affect the metabolism and excretion of soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective on! Isoflavones for cancer prevention other phenolic compounds, isoflavones can be presented as free forms ( )! Populations have an average isoflavone consumption and breast cancer survival and recurrence: systematic... Is a loss of bone density that can cause osteoporosis and red clover, alfalfa and beans estradiol.! Is necessary to support these results with additional studies C. soy and isoflavones consumption and breast cancer and cancer... Isoflavones can be presented as free forms ( aglycones ) or conjugated with carbohydrates glycosides... Trees are a common sight in areas effected by acid rain additional studies cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage resistance... A.J., Plumb G.W., Williamson G., Johnson I.T which makes the current data inconclusive Nutrition,,. Sources of Korean adults review and meta-analysis Kaparovsk T. isoflavones as free forms ( aglycones ) or conjugated with (.

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