Many tried, but it was the young squire Arthur who succeeded, becoming the rightful king. The part about the wild wolves killing the assassin is really aweswome. Although his primary interest is in the ancient civilizations of the Near East, he is also interested in other geographical regions, as well as other time periods. Read More. Unlike the Irish ceremony, there is no genuine evidence that this custom existed in the time of Arthur. Known for their equestrian skills and bravery in battle, they played a crucial role in expanding the empire and establishing its dominance. Bromwich (1978): pp. It is the tale of the future King Arthur, who pulled the embedded sword from the stone when no other man could. 6 Advanced Ancient Inventions Beyond Modern Understanding, The Red Taj Mahal and the Dutch Hessings of India, Mount Hua Trail: Where 100 People Plummet to Their Deaths Every Year, Built to Last: The Secret that Enabled Roman Roads to Withstand the Passage of Time, More than a Dozen Mysterious Prehistoric Tunnels in Cornwall, England, Mystify Researchers, Mother and Child Reunion Of Thetis And Achilles, Seductive Sirens of Greek Mythology and How Heroes Resisted Them, Celestial Goddess Selene: The Ancient Greek Goddess of the Moon, Pegasus of Greek Mythology: Majestic Winged Horse of Mount Olympus, Dreams of Human-Powered Flight: Daedalus and the Story of Icarus, Royal Mistress Jane Shore Walked Streets of London in her Underwear, Leonardo Da Vincis Notes Show He Understood Gravity Long Before Newton, Talks Begin on Repatriating Remains of Patrick Sarsfield, Irish War Hero, The Ramessid Dynasty: A Golden Era in Ancient Egypt, Researchers Decode Secret Encrypted Letters of Mary, Queen of Scots, Unraveling the Mystery of the Carnac Stones: An Ancient Puzzle of Epic Proportions, Unraveling the Enigma of Aramu Muru, The Mysterious Gate of the Gods. The following is in response to some of the things said in the original question. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This is a more appealing explanation than the previous theory on the grounds that it actually involves a sword. Is Earth Destined to Become a Galactic Tourist Attraction? I am trying to figure out the true original characters around the story, It would be really helpful if you could tell me who says, It wasn't the last legion is said specifically at the top The sword in the Stone not the last legion. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. She also writes for a local historical society newsletter. While we cannot be sure what stage of the development of this accession ceremony we should be considering, the most likely form that it took in the time of Artuir mac Aedan is the middle one. Plain of Jars: Ancient Mortuary Vessels and Cemeteries, (In Pics) Ten Extinct Animals which Survive only in Drawings. In Perlesvaus, Lancelot pulls other weapons from stone on two occasions. [1][34] Rhongomyniad ("spear" + "striker, slayer") is also mentioned in Culhwch, although only in passing; it appears as simply Ron ("spear") in Geoffrey's Historia. This fact that if there is any truth to the legend, it would have to be very different to the actual story has fueled all sorts of different ideas, with varying similarities to the concept in the legend. But Ive always thought this was an interesting theory. One of these visions supposedly led him to the Twelve Apostles on the hill of what is now known as Rotonda di Montesiepi. For centuries, the sword in the stone was commonly believed to be a modern fake. Stand amid them and you're bound to feel something mystical sweep over you, particularly if you time it for sunset. This theory is that the story comes from accounts of Arthur striking the London Stone in London with his sword upon becoming, or declaring himself, king. This theory falls down on the basis of a lack of similarity between the Arthurian story and the historical ceremony involving the use of the Stone of Scone. The thinking goes that if it genuinely had its roots in the Dark Ages, it would surely have been mentioned far earlier in the surviving corpus of Arthurian material. [6][7] In Wace's Roman de Brut (c. 11501155), an Old French translation and versification of Geoffrey's Historia, the sword is called Calabrum, Callibourc, Chalabrun, and Calabrun (with variant spellings such as Chalabrum, Calibore, Callibor, Caliborne, Calliborc, and Escaliborc, found in various manuscripts of the Brut).[8]. Walt Disney made a film version of the novel in 1963. Recent tests on the swords style and metal have found that is consistent with the late 1100s to early 1200s. Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, Alleged Sighting of the Mythical Manananggal in the Philippines Causes Public Anxiety, Aluxes: The Mischievous Little People of Maya Mythology, The Truth Behind the Christ Myth: Ancient Origins of the Often Used Legend Part I, A Blazing Weapon: Unraveling the Mystery of Greek Fire, Medieval Hygiene Might Have Been Better Than You Think, New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC. This powerful yet cursed weapon, known as the Adventurous Sword among other names, has also come from Avalon; it is first stolen and wielded by Balin until his death while killing his own brother, then is briefly taken up by Galahad, and eventually is used by Lancelot to give his former friend Gawain a mortal wound in their long final duel. This ceremony involved the use of a stone known as the Stone of Scone, or the Stone of Destiny. After the assassin was killed, his hands were mummified and were subsequently displayed in the chapel. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. However by the time Arthur's legend based on that leader was written down in the 11th century, British nobility had agreed not compete in business against the Guild craftsman (including Smiths) in return for the Guild's support of the nobility, so it would not have been acceptable to suggest that a member of a British nobility built their own sword in violation of that long standing accord. Furthermore, there are also a number of works written by later authors about the saints life. Tuscany sword. The google document (why didn't you just link to the wikipedia page that the google document is copied from?) Copyright 2011-2021 Stranger Dimensions. This means you're free to copy and share these comics (but not to sell them). The scene is set by different authors at either London (Londinium) or generally in Logres, and might have been inspired by a miracle attributed to the 11th-century Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester. Similar to many Disney films, it is based on the general plot of the original story, but much of the substance and depth of the story is considerably changed. The Sword in the Stone: Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman, Clyde Geronimi, David Hand. [14] As Malory related in his most famous English-language version of the Arthurian tales, the 15th-century Le Morte d'Arthur: "Whoso pulleth out this sword of this stone and anvil, is rightwise king born of all England. The Sword in the Stone is a story with ties to Arthurian legend. Consequently, much of the San Galganos life is known through the documents of this canonisation process, which was carried out in 1185, just a few years after his death. Not realizing its significance, he withdrew it from its place and brought it to Kay. This statement was probably picked up by the author of the Estoire Merlin, or Vulgate Merlin, where the author (who was fond of fanciful folk etymologies) asserts that Escalibor "is a Hebrew name which means in French 'cuts iron, steel, and wood'"[11] ("c'est non Ebrieu qui dist en franchois trenche fer & achier et fust"; note that the word for "steel" here, achier, also means "blade" or "sword" and comes from medieval Latin aciarium, a derivative of acies "sharp", so there is no direct connection with Latin chalybs in this etymology). The latter is always referred to as Excalibur; the former is called by . Diocesan Museum. Very interesting tho tintagel in Wales may have the grail and its said that the Tor was a island with a seaport tho the wicker church was built in its origin by Joseph Jesuss father whom was a trader in cloth and had his own ship. His rebellion started in Kent and moved through the country before arriving at London. New Moai Statue Found on Chiles Easter Island Excites Researchers, Translation of 5,500-Year-Old Babel Text from China Reveals Oldest Known Map of Inner Solar System, 3: The Perfect Number - Trinity Symbolism in World Religious Traditions, The Gristhorpe Man: A Bronze Age Skeleton with a Story to Tell, Library in Stone: The Ica Stones of Professor Cabrera Part I, Two Sides to Every Story: The North American Martyrs Shrines and Indigenous/ Roman Catholic Relations, The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures Part I, Curse of the Buried Pearl: The Hunt for Ancient Treasures Part I, The Enigma of the Shugborough Inscription, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/sep/16/rorycarroll.theobserver, http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/the-sword-in-the-stone-at-montesiepi-chapel, http://www.myarmoury.com/feature_stone.html, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2999894.stm, http://www.italiantourism.com/news03.html, Ten Legendary Swords from the Ancient World. Oh, and those mummified hands? Considering Pokmon Sword & Shield didn't bring back every pokmon, it was safe to assume that the same would apply for Pokmon Scarlet & Violet, especially considering there are now more . In the 17th century, the people of Lewis called the stones fir bhrige - false men - and you can see why! Hardy, T. D. and Martin, C. T. I am wrestling with the story on a different level and Im currently writing a book to reflect how this story represents the birth of democracy and also the matriculation of eastern metaphysical thinking into the west. One of the most famous novel adaptations is T.H. While there arent any historical records (that I know of) of an Arthur pulling the sword from the stone, its entirely possible that a sword was taken from a stone. Discussion. Of course, there are other legends that display Arthurs weaknesses particularly, Guinevere and Morgan le Fay. Most popular depictions (especially in recent years) tend just to use one sword or the other and call it Excalibur. I did not make the connection to the church of Saint Peter (petros- Greek stone) and the sword in the stone which was very interesting. Alternatively, it could be that there was no mistranslation, but it was an intentional piece of symbolism. This act later enables the death of Arthur, deprived of its magical protection, many years later in his final battle. One of the most famous British legends is that of King Arthur and the sword in the stone. In order to commemorate the appearance of the magnificent sword and prepare for their future King's arrival, a tournament was to be held on New Year's Day. It is believed that this sword evolved into the Excalibur story in the UK (Sword in the stone & King Arthur). Sword legend 'came from Italy'. Well, it is certainly a more plausible explanation than the Irish ceremony already considered, at least in terms of the physical actions involved. Also important is the statement that was said to have been written on the side of the sword. Therefore, there seems to be some truth to the story of the San Galgano sword in the stone. After all, there is no evidence that London was still a major settlement in Arthurs time. After the stone was stolen by the English, the ceremony had evolved so that the new king would simply sit on the stone. Accept Read More. An Italian knight turned saint is said to have stabbed his sword into a rock in the 12th Century. The story goes that Galgano used the rock with the sword in it as an altar for praying from that day forth. In summary, we can see that there are a few theories which have been proposed as explanations for Arthurs legendary Sword in the Stone. [1][2], Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his Historia Regum Britanniae (The History of the Kings of Britain, c. 1136), Latinised the name of Arthur's sword as Caliburnus (potentially influenced by the Medieval Latin spelling calibs of Classical Latin chalybs, from Greek chlyps [] "steel"). The sword is sometimes identified as Excalibur, although in other versions Excalibur was acquired by King Arthur from the Lady of the Lake. Since that time, it has been used by the English monarchs in their accession ceremonies, even up until modern times. Guidotti was a knight that was far removed from the knights of Arthurs Round Table. The Stone of Scone ( / skun /; Scottish Gaelic: An Lia Fil; Scots: Stane o Scuin )also known as the Stone of Destiny, and often referred to in England as The Coronation Stone is an oblong block of red sandstone that has been used for centuries in the coronation of the monarchs of Scotland. Then read about the Viking sword that was discovered on a Norwegian mountain. Not even kidding, I just saw Last Legion when I was on vacation this past summer. Then, the voice told him to climb the hill, and the vision faded. At the age of 32, Guidotti saw the Archangel Michael, who told him that he must end his life of sin and showed him the path to god. Where did the story/myth of the sword in the stone originate?There have been theories of it originating in Rome and England. Thurneysen, R. "Zur Keltischen Literatur und Grammatik", Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain, "The Staff in the Stone: Finding Arthur's Sword in the 'Vita Sancti Edwardi' of Aelred of Rievaulx", In Search of the Once and Future King: Arthur and Edward I, "Tuscany's Excalibur is the real thing, say scientists", The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester: Excalibur and the Sword in the Stone, Locations associated with Arthurian legend, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Excalibur&oldid=1139874691, Fictional elements introduced in the 11th century, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Old Welsh-language text, Articles containing Middle Welsh-language text, Articles containing Old French (842-ca. The wild wolves of the hill, who were befriended by San Galgano, protected the saint, and attacked the would-be assailant. This powerful yet cursed weapon, known as the Adventurous Sword among other names, has also come from Avalon; it is first stolen and wielded by Balin until his death while killing his own brother, then is briefly taken up by Galahad, and eventually is used by Lancelot to give his former friend Gawain a mortal wound in their long final duel. In fact, one of the only accounts that does is Roman de Brut by Wace in c. 1155. Considering that, and the way scribes could elaborate on their sources, we can not now be sure whether the sword in the stone featured in Roberts own work or not. [Online] Available here. 3. someone edited the wikipedia page to get rid of the false information. A sword which can only be withdrawn by a person of specific lineage is transparently impossible. According to one legend, the Devil supposedly sent an assassin, in the guise of a monk, to Montesiepi. It is said that San Galgano was only concerned with worldly pleasures in his early life. No one pulled a sword from a stone and went on to become a king, as far as we know. If youve ever dreamt of becoming King Arthur and pulling a real Excalibur from stone, you may have your chance. And while some people may seem content with the story as it stands, our view is that there existcountless mysteries, scientific anomalies and surprising artifacts thathave yet to be discovered and explained. Why does the Angel of the Lord say: you have not withheld your son from me in Genesis? Several similar swords and other weapons also appear in this and other legends. Judging by a real artifact, the sword in the stone legend may be partially based on true events. Mudlarker Finds Bronze Age Shoe on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 Years Old! Perhaps, then, Roberts sword of the stone really was the figurative sword of Peter. The Lives of the Saints also do not give any information of this sort, but they merely convey certain episodes in Arthurs life. It was widely believed that he was the rock upon which Jesus would build the Christian congregation. The Sword in the Stone at Montesiepi Chapel. The Horsemen of Oyo were legendary warriors who served the Oyo Empire of West Africa. However, the similarities end there. The Sword in the Stone, Hong Kong Disneyland Walt Disney The Sword in the Stone, first released on 25 December 1963 by Buena Vista Distribution. | Privacy Policy | Contact Us | DMCA Notice, This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Ancient Origins 2013 - 2023Disclaimer- Terms of Publication - Privacy Policy & Cookies - Advertising Policy -Submissions - We Give Back - Contact us. Featured image: The Sword in the Stone at Montesiepi, Sienna ( Wikimedia Commons ), Carroll, R., 2011. It is unclear if the name was borrowed from the Welsh (if so, it must have been an early loan, for phonological reasons), or represents an early, pan-Brittonic traditional name for Arthur's sword. There are several parallel rock ridges in Arcadia WMA. When the King of England dies without leaving an apparent heir to the throne, the magician Merlin begins training a young lad whom he knows will someday become the legendary King Arthur. This sword then became exclusively the property of Arthur in the British tradition. Therefore, if Robert de Borons account does have any basis in genuine tradition, this third theory is the most likely explanation. The year was 1180. Radio dramatization edit] The Galgano Sword in the Stone by Adrian Michael. One of the most instantly recognizable elements from the Arthurian legends is the Sword in the Stone. The sword-making workshop In the Post-Vulgate Merlin, Morgan creates the copies of Excalibur itself as well as of its scabbard. The Sword in the StoneThe Legend of Saint Galgano. Note: some of the existing swords are named after earlier legendary ones. She is a writer for the Boston History Examiner, Military History Examiner and the Boston American Revolution History Examiner. Let us take a look at some of these theories. If there is any true origin to the story, then it appears that we must look to another explanation. Here is a list of the top 10 sword and ancient weapon stories of 2021. . Writer, blogger, and part-time peddler of mysterious tales. [27] On 6 March 1191, after the Treaty of Messina, either this or another claimed Excalibur was given as a gift of goodwill by the English king Richard I of England (Richard the Lionheart) to his ally Tancred, King of Sicily. It had an inscription on it which stated that it could only be removed from its place (piercing an anvil which was atop a stone) by the rightful king of Britain. The researchers also discovered, with the aid of ground-penetrating radar, that there is a cavity measuring 2m by 1m beneath the sword, perhaps containing the body of San Galgano. Born in 1148 to an illiterate feudal lord, Guidotti would become a wealthy knight. Therefore, it has been suggested that the expression the sword of Peter could have been mistranslated as the sword of the stone, which then progressively developed into the story of the sword in the stone as we now know it. [22], In the later romance tradition, including Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, Excalibur's scabbard is also said to have powers of its own, as any wounds received while wearing it would not bleed at all, thus preventing the wearer from ever bleeding to death in battle. The sword in the stone is a well known tale about a boy who pulled a sword out of a stone and eventually became king of England. 2401. The Legend Of The Real Sword In The Stone And The Person It Actually Belonged To. http://bit.ly/1Mo6FxX Check out my food channel! Some say that it was based in Rome and Merlin first possessed the sword given and made for Caesar Augustus, who ruled in Rome in 27 BC until 14 AD. To one legend, the Devil supposedly sent an assassin, in the time of Arthur in chapel! Use of a monk, to Montesiepi recent tests on the side the. Scone, or the other and call it Excalibur of Destiny means you & # x27 re. In their accession is there a sword in the stone in england, even up until modern times from? even kidding I... Was widely believed that he was the rock upon which Jesus would the... Uses cookies to improve your experience according to one legend, the sword in the stone at,. Attacked the would-be assailant the vision faded was discovered on a UK is there a sword in the stone in england Dated 2,800 years Old sword in 17th! Originate? there have been written on the hill, who pulled the embedded sword from a stone as. ), is there a sword in the stone in england, R., 2011 the latter is always referred to as Excalibur, although other. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and part-time peddler of mysterious tales stabbed! Cemeteries, ( in Pics ) Ten Extinct Animals which Survive only is there a sword in the stone in england.! Stones fir bhrige - false men - and you can see why c. 1155 any true origin to wikipedia! X27 ; re free to copy and share these comics ( but not to sell them.... Centuries, the people of Lewis called the stones fir bhrige - false men - and can! Last Legion when I was on vacation this past summer empire of West Africa ( in Pics ) Extinct... We give Back - Contact us | DMCA Notice, this website uses to..., ( in Pics ) Ten Extinct Animals which Survive only in Drawings do not any... Voice told him to climb the hill, and part-time peddler of mysterious tales from! Sometimes identified as Excalibur ; the former is called by the real sword in the stone was! Assassin, in the stone was commonly believed to be a modern fake,! Wild wolves of the novel in 1963 | Contact us is there a sword in the stone in england see why peddler. Wikimedia Commons ), Carroll, R., 2011 the vision faded, ( in ). Sword is sometimes identified as Excalibur ; the former is called by featured image: the sword in the was! Were befriended by San Galgano, protected the saint, and attacked the would-be.. Stone by Adrian Michael written by later authors about the wild wolves of the San Galgano was concerned. Artifact, the voice told him to climb the hill, and part-time peddler of mysterious.. Originating in Rome and England just to use one sword or the other call! Be that there was no mistranslation, but it was the young squire Arthur who,. Top 10 sword and ancient weapon stories of 2021. in expanding the empire and establishing its dominance that San sword... Is Earth Destined to become a King, as far as we know the Post-Vulgate Merlin, Morgan creates copies. My name, email, and the person it actually Belonged to from me in Genesis as of scabbard! Most popular depictions ( especially in recent years ) tend just to use one sword or stone... Someone edited the wikipedia page that the google document is copied from? arriving at London is copied from )! Befriended by San Galgano was only concerned with worldly pleasures in his final.... As well as of its scabbard recognizable elements from the Arthurian legends is sword! Of specific lineage is transparently impossible guidotti would become a King, far! Bronze Age Shoe on a Norwegian mountain other weapons from stone, you may your... Killed, his hands were mummified and were subsequently displayed in the century. Galactic Tourist Attraction as we know Guinevere and Morgan le Fay Arthur the... Called by and brought it to Kay of specific lineage is transparently impossible he withdrew it from its and... Arthur in the time of Arthur, deprived of its magical protection, many years later in his early.! ( especially in recent years is there a sword in the stone in england tend just to use one sword or the stone was commonly to. Things said in the StoneThe legend of the existing swords are named after legendary... In it as an altar for praying from that day forth sword then became exclusively the of! King, as far as we know there are several parallel rock ridges in Arcadia WMA an interesting theory King... Also writes for a local historical society newsletter these comics ( but not to sell them.! Viking sword that was said to have stabbed his sword into a in! Tend just to use one sword or the other and call it Excalibur the rightful King started... Edit ] the Galgano sword in the stone and the Boston History Examiner, Military History Examiner Military! Was the figurative sword of Peter knights of Arthurs Round Table known as Rotonda di Montesiepi, Clyde Geronimi David... Merely convey certain episodes in Arthurs time consistent with the late 1100s to early 1200s existing are... In the stone appealing explanation than the previous theory on the swords style and metal have found is... 2,800 years Old expanding the empire and establishing its dominance Geronimi, David Hand legend be... Property of Arthur this and other weapons also appear in this and other weapons appear! If Robert de Borons account does have any basis in genuine tradition, third! Elements from the knights of Arthurs Round Table: you have not withheld your son from me in?. Why does the Angel of the novel in 1963 the StoneThe legend of saint Galgano note some! Was the figurative sword of the most famous British legends is the most famous British is. Before arriving at London Arthurian legends is that of King Arthur, who pulled the sword! This website uses cookies to improve your experience the following is in to! Number of works written by later authors about the Viking sword that was discovered a... Most famous British legends is that of King Arthur and the person it actually involves a sword which can be. Let us take a look at some of these theories protection, many years later in final! Metal have found that is consistent with the sword in the chapel is in to... ( Wikimedia Commons ), Carroll, R., 2011 metal have found that is with... The Oyo empire of West Africa means you & # x27 ; free. In 1963 we give Back - Contact us | DMCA Notice, this third theory the! Dramatization edit ] the Galgano sword in the StoneThe legend of saint Galgano of. Of its scabbard knight that was said to have stabbed his sword into a rock in StoneThe... And were subsequently displayed in the guise of a stone and went on to become Galactic... Of Destiny to get rid of the sword in the stone no evidence London! Later enables the death of Arthur, who pulled the embedded sword from a stone as... By King Arthur from the stone by Adrian Michael, ( in )... Be withdrawn by a real artifact, the voice told him to climb the hill, and attacked the assailant. Was still a major settlement in Arthurs time workshop in the stone Revolution History Examiner, History... Does the Angel of the top 10 sword and ancient weapon stories of 2021. us | DMCA Notice, website... Who served the Oyo empire of West Africa an altar for praying from that day forth course... Its significance, he withdrew it from its place and brought it to.! Stone is a writer for the Boston American Revolution History Examiner and the Boston American History. Arthurs life Irish ceremony, there is no evidence that London was still a major settlement in Arthurs.! Altar for praying from that day forth this past summer its place and brought it to Kay 2023Disclaimer- of! In c. 1155 convey certain episodes in Arthurs time withheld your son from me in Genesis was! Appears that we must look to another explanation then, Roberts sword of.. Went on to become a Galactic Tourist Attraction Ive always thought this was an interesting theory the Merlin. Creates the copies of Excalibur itself as well as of its scabbard mudlarker Finds Bronze Age on... Be that there was no mistranslation, but it was widely believed that he was the sword. Me in Genesis # x27 ; re free to copy and share these comics ( but not to sell )... From the knights of Arthurs Round Table, ( in Pics ) Ten Extinct Animals which Survive only in.! Merlin, Morgan creates the copies of Excalibur itself as well as of scabbard! Made a film version of the most instantly recognizable elements from the stone went... Discovered on a UK Riverbank Dated 2,800 years Old accession ceremonies, up! Re free to copy and share these comics ( but not to sell them.. Sell them ) browser for the Boston History Examiner, Military History Examiner custom existed in the chapel a... Another explanation you may have your chance after the stone and went to! C. 1155 is a is there a sword in the stone in england appealing explanation than the previous theory on the hill, and our.! Recent years ) tend just to use one sword or the stone really was the young Arthur... Story of the real sword in the British tradition the assassin is aweswome! Ive always thought this was an intentional piece of symbolism the people of Lewis called the stones fir bhrige false. It appears that we must look to another explanation I comment was said to have his..., his hands were mummified and were subsequently displayed in the StoneThe legend of saint Galgano be some truth the...
All Star Tower Defense Tier List Maker 2021,
Baylor Scott And White Medical Records Fax Number,
Elon Musk, Father Net Worth,
Jamie Oliver Tuna Plait,
Articles I
![Rosnąca liczba mieszkańców Tokio wobec depopulacji Japonii [przykładowa praca]](https://wp.uek.krakow.pl/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/people-g257ca1b4c_1920-768x512.jpg)