He said: Personally, I do not think that we are doing it the right way. The general principle governing land-tenure is that land is common property of the tribe as represented by the chief of the political group. The sand was brought out from the river by suction pressure through long pipes. Increased turbidity leads to the blockage of light beyond water surface, thus hampering photosynthetic activities below the water surface such as the benthic region. Oshodi, who was the immediate past vice chairman, Lagos branch of the Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (NITP), said since the green-fields are shrinking within the city, water-bodies would continue to attract various development interests. Landscape reclamation is. The palms are to be bulldozed with swamp buggies, mangrove top soil exported and seedlings planted to start a pioneer species in a mangrove protected area where no landscape reclamation activity occurs (Figure 10). However, their predicament began when a company known as Nigerian Westminster Dredging and Marine Limited commenced sand filling project at Lagos Lagoon, at the foot of Third Mainland Bridge at Oworonshoki. The Governors of each states of the federation hold the land in trust for the Federal Government, and are entitled to be the sole signatory of all certificate of occupancy (C of O) before a piece of land is legally owned by an individual or group of individuals. 5. This is a natural ecological restoration. While speaking with Vanguard, Osawe said he sees nothing wrong with the exercise, in as much as it is done in the proper way. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprisingresidential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other use had experienced tremendous increase from 85.4 square kilometres (43.36per cent) to 111.9 square kilometres (56.8per cent). Surrounding areas of the swamps are usually dredged and sand-filled to enable it to support the mounting of crude oil well head and the laying of pipelines (Figure 5). Invasion of foreign species in coastal areas is another precursor to land reclamation activity aimed at remediating the sites in the Niger Delta region. I hope they are being done according to the best practices in order to protect the ecosystem., He concluded by saying that: land reclamation for the purpose of constructing properties in commercial quantities is risky.. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). Anthropogenic activities around the coast is detrimental to its sustainability because of the addition of pollutants and contaminants [5]. The white patches sum up to give a total of 4.2 million m2 of mangroves removed in 1984. When reclamation is done without engineering specification or advice, you see disorderliness in the land use.. Also the Project Director, Arctic Infrastructure (AI), Mr. Lookman Oshodi, observed that in a city like Lagos where the per square kilometre of land available to a resident is relatively small, physical development is in spread form and cohesive approach to organise the city is not adequate, leading to competition over space which gives the outlook of the winner takes all. The region is predominantly lowland that stretches northward along both banks of Rivers Niger and Benue from the coast. In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. Lagos - 8,048,430 Lagos is one of earth's largest urban areas. Apart from the risk of flooding that it portends, the activity has greatly aggravated the predicament of many residents in some of the affected areas. In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. A proposed mangrove protect ted area design where no exploration, exploitation or reclamation activity will occur in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. You set a kind of disequilibrium in the environment. This method is suitable for granular fill. For instance, The United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), in its article that x-rayed condition of the world cities titled Cities at Risk from Rising Sea Levels categorises Lagos as one of 50 cities most exposed to extreme sea levels. The city is situated on four main islands namely, Lagos, Victoria, Iddo, and Ikoyi which are all connected by a network of bridges. Concrete bases are constructed on this platform to carry the pipes from the drilling point, which may be at an off-shore or on-shore site to the refinery. So, they use a quote in the Bible which says a man has been given dominion status to justify the claim. Terrestrial land form eventually evolves from an aquatic environment after solidification. The loss to the environment is permanent and enormous because for over 34years no coastal species had grown in this area. It is a system where plants and animals have advantage in reserved area. It is noteworthy that Songo International Business District also in South Korea which is reputed to be the largest private development in the country is built on a reclaimed land in the area of Incheon waterfront. Farms are generally small and scattered and use simple tools and shifting cultivation. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project w. hich kick started in 2008. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. This situation thus necessitated the reclamation of coastal areas to create more space for human habitation. Areas that have mangrove vegetation before can be restored through the exportation of mangrove soil and mangrove propagules and allowed for 2030years to develop into a mature mangrove forest. Degraded coastal landscape would be remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. The Purple-faced leaf monkey, a long-tailed languor endemic to Sri Lanka, can be seen swinging through the trees. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). These areas are naturally covered with water during high tides, but are filled with soil and consolidated to prevent tidal flooding during high tide. Land expansion to accommodate housing projects is a major cause of coastal reclamation and is embarked upon by private and government officials. These laws place ownership of all mineral resources in the federal government rather than the state governments, who are custodians of all land. This means they would be the ready pool of labour for construction projects and their tenements will be enhanced by the investment flowing into the site., Allaying the fears of the people, the commissioner said: The Lagos state government, as a responsible entity, pursues a policy of ensuring that Environmental Impact Assessment is done by every individual or corporate body that seeks to embark on projects. It is the responsibility of the Government to protect the land against illegal landscape reclamations. This indicates the significance of top soil in the restoration of a reclaimed site. Land reclamation impact the coastal environment in several ways (Table 1). Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is the administrative authority working through the Missouri Mining Commission. The government sometimes forcefully acquires coastal areas from the native community, remove the mangrove forest and sand fill the area in other to establish projects beneficial to the public. Reclamation is done without proper environmental impact assessment. . Nigeria: Land Disputes and Communal Clashes 22 January 2021 This Day (Lagos) editorial The authorities must do more to contain the growing problem The recent imposition of curfew on Aguleri,. Similarly, reckless and indiscriminate hunting in opened forest reduces population and thus reduces species diversity, which may lead to extinction of some species. The country features 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, which is known as Abuja.The country of Nigeria features over five hundred different ethnic groups, many different languages, and declared its independence from the United Kingdom on October 1, 1960. The entry of big machinery into the swamp had added more stress to the coast by destroying many soil-dwelling and benthic organisms. Other areas in the world that land reclamation has taken place are: Mumbai (India), Giant Sea Wall in Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila Bay (Phillipines), Kobe (Japan), Aukland, Wellington and Dunedin (New Zealand), Palm Deira, Yas Island and Al Lulu Island (UAE), and so on. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. Nevertheless, land utilization is influenced by nature and characteristics of soil, soil moisture and temperature, topography and land location, flora, fauna and climate. I have this example for you. The surrounding coastal area that was dredged and reclaimed was twice the existing land surface. Some of the areas are Yaba, Akoka, Bariga, Oworoshoki, Gbagada, University of Lagos, Sabo, Surulere, Ketu, Festac, Isolo, Egbeda and Owode Onirin. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. The investment company of Lagos state, Ibile Holding Company is carrying out the project on behalf of the state. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. Its based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. Like other Atlantic Cities in some parts of the world, Eko Atlantic is constructed to be a citadel of infrastructural development because it is designed to create over 250,000 new jobs and address housing deficit. Through the use of police power they acquire and take over mangrove forest they bulldoze the forest, dredge and sand fill the site, which they allow to lie fallow for some years or reinforce and develop immediately. A field observation made indicates that seeds at the end of the sand filled area had better growth than seeds at the mouth of the entrance of the balkanized sand. Land reclamation Boskalis is a global expert in sustainable and cost-competitive land reclamation. A conceptualized reclamation pattern in coastal communities in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. This could lead to permanent loss of mangroves or other plant species of economic/medicinal importance and habitat for marine organisms and wildlife and their emigration to unaffected areas, thereby upsetting the ecological balance. 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